How to File Taxes After Saying 'I Do'
Article Summary:
- Filing Options
- Married Filing Jointly
- Unpleasant Consequences
- Pleasant Consequences
- Married Filing Separately
- Notifying SSA, IRS, employers
- Other Issues to Consider
Individuals filing jointly must combine their incomes, and if both spouses are working, combining income can trigger a number of unpleasant surprises, as many tax benefits are eliminated or reduced for higher-income taxpayers. The following are some of the more frequently encountered issues created by higher incomes:
- Being pushed into a higher tax bracket
- Causing capital gains to be taxed at higher rates
- Reducing the child care credit
- Limiting the deductible IRA amount
- Triggering a tax on net investment income that only applies to higher-income taxpayers
- Causing Social Security income to be taxed
- Reducing the Earned Income Tax Credit
- Reducing or eliminating medical deductions
On the other hand, if only one spouse has income, filing jointly will generally result in a lower tax because of the lower joint tax brackets and a higher standard deduction, double the amount for single individuals ($24,400 for 2019), if the couple does not itemize deductions. In addition, some of the higher-income limitations that might have applied to an unmarried individual with the same amount of income may be reduced or eliminated on a joint return.
Filing as married but separate will generally result in a higher combined income tax for married taxpayers. For instance, if a couple files separately, the tax code requires both to itemize their deductions if either does so, meaning that if one itemizes, the other cannot take the standard deduction. Another example relates to how a married couple’s Social Security (SS) benefits are taxed: on a joint return, none of the SS income is taxed until half of the SS benefits plus other income exceeds $32,000. On a married-but-separate return, and where the spouses have lived together at any time during the year, the taxable threshold is reduced to zero.
Aside from the amount of tax, another consideration that married couples need to be aware of when deciding on their filing status is that when married taxpayers file jointly, they become jointly and individually responsible (often referred to as “jointly and severally liable”) for the tax and interest or penalty due on their returns. This is true even if they later divorce. When using the married-but-separate filing status, each spouse is only responsible for his or her own tax liability.
Once a couple files as married filing jointly they cannot undo that. However, if they file separately, they can later amend that filing status to married filing jointly.
Once the knot is tied, the Social Security Administration should be notified of any name changes, and if they’ve moved, the IRS needs to be notified of the couple’s new address.
If either or both of the newlyweds purchased their health insurance through a government marketplace, the marketplace should be advised of the couple’s marriage so that any advance premium tax credit (APTC) being applied to pay the insurance premiums can be adjusted when necessary. Doing so could prevent having to repay some or all of the APTC when filing their federal return(s) for the year of the marriage.
Of course the couple needs to notify their employers of their new marital status so any affected benefits can be updated. Usually new W-4 forms should be prepared and given to their employers so income tax withholding can be revised for the new filing status.
Other issues that may come into play and should be considered are:
- If one of the spouses has an outstanding liability with the IRS or state taxing authority, that situation could jeopardize any future refund on a jointly filed return.
- It may be appropriate not to commingle income from assets a spouse wants to maintain as separate property or where the spouses want to name separate beneficiaries.
- Individuals marrying later in life may wish to keep their incomes separate or only pay the tax on their own income.
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